|
Post by siuyiu on Aug 3, 2015 19:21:00 GMT
Many thanks to both of you. reading these lists remain me of a lot of words I heard in series without really understanding who they was referring to, though I had an very little idea that it was family terms... family and hierarchy within a family are really, really obnoxiously important to chinese people. you have to know who's who and how to properly address them. a pox on you and your parents if you call someone by the wrong term because it's extremely disrespectful. so, you can't say "oh, my mom's brother" or "mr so-and-so" if there is a proper term for that person that you should know if your parents raised you properly. the english use of the term "cousin" to cover a whole group of people across several generations is definitely a not-so-good in chinese minds. so yes, in period dramas, you will come across a lot of different terms related to family. and now you have a better understanding of what's what!
|
|
|
Post by siuyiu on Aug 3, 2015 21:29:59 GMT
ok, onto a slightly different topic: surnames 姓. there are fewer chinese surnames than you'd expect, given the large population of people of chinese descent both in china and overseas. there are a variety of reasons for this, such as certain family lines dying out (or--the horror!--only producing daughters), the adoption of a different surname (to avoid persecution; a man married into his wife's family; the emperor bestowed a different surname onto you), the forced sinicization that occurred in different historical periods, and so on. the chinese government apparently released an official list in 2007 of the 100 most common surnames at the time--as far as i know, there hasn't been a more recent update. i have links at the end of this post. just as family is the most important unit for identity, by extension, the family name is just as important. there's a very famous book, published during the northern song dynasty, that listed the top 100 surnames at that time: the Hundred Family Surnames 百家姓 (bai jia xing). not surprisingly, #1 was the surname of the ruling family (趙 zhao). but back to the most common surnames in modern times. here is a video that introduces them. i'm going to supplement with some info below (and there may be some contradictions related to origins and meaning--people aren't always in accord when it comes to these things). the top 10 surnames with meanings and origins according to the Hundred Family Surnames 百家姓 (bai jia xing): 1. 王 (wáng) - "King" (a title that became a surname) origins: a royal prince of the Zhou dynasty was demoted, but because he was of royal descent, his descendants were allowed to use his former rank/title as a surname. wuxia characters with this surname include: wang chongyang 王重陽, wang yuyan 王語嫣, wang lianhua 王憐花 2. 李 (lǐ) - "Plum" (the family name of the rulers of the Tang dynasty) origins: the original surname was 理 (li), after the rank/title of an ancestor working for the emperor-sage yao, but because of persecution by the last emperor of the Shang dynasty, the family fled and settled in a new place, where they survived off plum trees. adopted the homophonic 李 as their new surname. wuxia characters with this surname include: li xunhuan 李尋歡, li mochou 李莫愁, li hongxiu 李紅袖 3. 張 (zhāng) - "Great archer"; "extend, stretch" origins: the yellow emperor's grandson invented the bow and arrow, so his descendants had this surname created for their use. wuxia characters with this surname include: zhang wuji 張無忌, zhang danfeng 張丹楓 4. 劉 (liú) - "To destroy" (the family name of the rulers of the Han dynasty) origins: descendants of emperor yao who settled in state of Liu acquired its name as their surname. wuxia characters with this surname include: liu zhengfeng 劉正風 5. 陳 (chén) - "Exhibit"; the name of an ancient state (therefore a place name becoming a surname) origins: descendants of the governor of Zhou vassal state of Chen acquired the name as their surname. wuxia characters with this surname include: chen jialuo 陳家洛, chen jinnan 陳近南 6. 楊 (yáng) - "Poplar" origins: a royal prince of the Zhou dynasty was given a title that got turned into the family surname. wuxia characters with this surname include: yan guo 楊過, yang yuncong 楊雲驄 7. 黃 (huáng) - "Yellow" (more popular as a surname in southern china; 王 (wang) is more popular in northern china) origins: descendants of the governor of the Zhou vassal state of Huang used it as a surname (spring and autumn period of eastern zhou). wuxia characters with this surname include: huang rong 黃蓉 8. 趙 (zhào) - adopted from the ancient state of Zhao (the family name of the rulers of the Song dynasty) origins: descendants of the governor of the Zhou vassal state of Zhao used it as a surname (spring and autumn period of eastern zhou). wuxia characters with this surname include: zhao min 趙敏, zhao zhijing 趙志敬 9. 吳 (wú) - adopted from the ancient state of Wu origins: descendants of the governor of the Zhou vassal state of Wu used it as a surname (western zhou). wuxia characters with this surname include: wu sangui 吴三桂 (historical figure) 10. 周 (zhōu) - "circumference" origins: descendants of a general of the yellow emperor named zhou chang used the first character of his name as their surname (few people had surnames back then; just personal names). wuxia characters with this surname include: zhou zhiruo 周芷若, zhou botong 周伯通 like in other languages, there also are surnames whose origins were occupational names. for example, 賈 (jiǎ) was the term for merchant. these compound surnames were also actually originally court titles for officials but became surnames: 司徒 (sītú) "Minister over the Masses" (a clerical position) and 司馬 (sīmǎ) "Marshall/Master of the Horse" (a martial position). the origins and first uses of the titles as surnames happened in the early dynastic periods (xia, shang, zhou) and were sanctioned by the ruling government. however, in later dynasties, and especially in the south and southeastern provinces, these names often cropped up because officials and their families were escaping persecution, usually from the armies of succeeding dynasties. these families would have had some other surname but changed it to the head-of-family's court title; and there would've been stipulations given to descendants to not marry people of a certain surname because that surname was the original surname of the family; there used to be a very huge taboo about marrying someone with the same surname because you were supposedly blood-related (shared a common ancestor), even though this wasn't always true. they didn't know about DNA and genetics back then (which also explains why it was perfectly ok to marry first cousins on your mom's side of family). if you have a particular surname you'd like more info about, ask! sources: wiki List of Common Chinese Surnames and Bai Jia Xing on wiki (and actual book) and here's a scholarly article on chinese surnames by a well-known scholar: Surnames and Han Chinese Identity
|
|
|
Post by chefying on Aug 4, 2015 14:31:43 GMT
One point that may confuse you, reinafu - and others from the western world, is that the term "cousins" in Chinese does not quite carry the same meaning in English language or the West.
In the West, the word cousin is used regardless of generation. For example, Person X had a sibling. Person X is sibling's son's uncle/aunt. This is the same as with the Chinese.
Let us now go to the next generation. Person X and sibling's kids are cousins. Same as with the Chinese, except that the Chinese have a few categories of cousin, depending on whether is stemmed from the male line (same surname) or the female line (different surname). But still minor difference.
Let's say Person X now has a grandson. In English, this grandson is first cousin once removed to Person X's sibling's son. So, despite the difference of a generation, these two are still cousins, removed though they may be.
In the Chinese world, the sibling's son is addressed as "uncle" by Person X's grandchild. The difference in generation is recognised and acknowledged in the Chinese style of address.
Hope this makes sense.
If you were following the Three Kingdoms thread, you would note that Liu Bei was addressed as Imperial Uncle by the Emperor. From the English point of view (I do not know enough about the French style to comment) Liu Bei and the Emperor were 7th cousins (I think) once removed.
|
|
|
Post by siuyiu on Aug 4, 2015 16:34:01 GMT
chefying having grown up with the chinese system of hierarchies and addresses, i was flabbergasted at the english use of the term "cousin" when i first encountered the concept of cousins once or more times removed. so, it goes both ways.
|
|
|
Post by chefying on Aug 5, 2015 4:07:55 GMT
chefying having grown up with the chinese system of hierarchies and addresses, i was flabbergasted at the english use of the term "cousin" when i first encountered the concept of cousins once or more times removed. so, it goes both ways. I know what you mean. The gossip papers in UK would go trace the background of a certain so-and-so dating some royalty, and then announce that they are related and they are cousins seven times removed on the mother side or something similar. You can see the "cousin" thing in the British TV series, Downton Abbey as well.
|
|
|
Post by chefying on Aug 5, 2015 10:40:46 GMT
Back to the topic of surnames...
It had been said that the surname, some people bearing the surname Lv 吕 became Gao 高 during the early Qing Dynasty.
According to the story, certain people bearing the surname Lv 吕 displeased Emperor Yong Zheng 雍正 (father to Emperor Qian Long 乾隆) and the Emperor ordered the slaughter of the 9 classes of relations* of the Lv 吕 family.
Some from the Lv family (tried to) escape from this rule by changing their surname with a few strokes of the pen from Lv 吕 to Gao 高 and thus escaped the calamity.
Anyway, that's the story I heard.
The Lv 吕 person who displeased the Emperor was the uncle to the character Lv Si Niang 吕四娘 who was said to have assassinated Emperor Yong Zheng。
* I seem t recall siuyiu covered this topic earlier on.
|
|
|
Post by siuyiu on Aug 5, 2015 16:13:17 GMT
chefying i believe that! look at the origin of the surname li! yeah, persecution by the emperor was a devastation for the clan, so it's no surprise people would flee and change their surnames. displeasing the ancestors by losing the surname is still not as dire as not being able to produce any descendants, even if they now perpetuate a different surname. i know of a family of situs who were always told, father to son, not to marry people from the clan of xue 薛 because they were relatives.
do we actually know that 呂四娘 was a historical figure, though? and she's usually considered the granddaughter of 呂留良 (though she was his niece in Dynasty).
|
|
|
Post by siuyiu on Aug 6, 2015 21:06:37 GMT
a few more surnames, this time ones that have cropped up in other popular wuxia novels. if they are ranked within the top 100 of the 2007 survey, i've noted beside the surname. 16. 郭 (guō) - outer part of a city origins: descendants of branch of zhou royal family took title as surname. wuxia characters with this surname include: guo jing 郭靖 14. 朱 (zhū) - cinnabar, vermilion origins: descendants of governor of zhou vassal state of Zhu 邾 got rid of the radical of state name and used rebus as surname. wuxia characters with this surname include: zhu cong 朱聰, zhu meicuo 朱媺娖 (AKA princess chang ping 長平公主) (historical figure), zhu qiqi 朱七七 78. 段 (duàn) - section, division (family name of rulers of Dali) origins: personal name that became surname. wuxia characters with this surname include: duan zhixing 段智興, duan yu 段譽 15. 胡 (hú) - reckless, wild, foolish origins: title that became a surname. wuxia characters with this surname include: hu fei 胡斐, hu tiehua 胡鐵花 43. 葉 (yè) - leaf origins: place name that became surname. wuxia characters with this surname include: ye gucheng 葉孤城, ye kai 葉開 19. 林 (lín) - forest origins: place name that became surname (descendants of persecuted uncle of last shang king zhou settled near a forest). wuxia characters with this surname include: lin pingzhi 林平之, lin xian'er 林仙兒 276. 楚 (chu) - clear; name of ancient state origins: place name that became surname. wuxia characters with this surname include: chu zhaonan 楚昭南, chu liuxiang 楚留香 23. 謝 (xiè) - thanks origins: place name (vassal state of zhou) that became surname. wuxia characters with this surname include: xie xiaofeng 謝曉峰, xie xun 謝遜 雲 (yun) - cloud origins: title that became a surname. wuxia characters with this surname include: yun feiyang 雲飛揚, yun lei 雲蕾 57. 陸 (lù) - land, continent origins: place name that became surname. wuxia characters with this surname include: lu xiaofeng 陸小鳳 it's interesting how so many compound surnames crop up in wuxia—not that i mind; i find them very interesting. 歐陽 (ōuyáng) - ancient place name origins: descendants of king Goujian of the state of Yue (越王勾踐) took surname from place where they eventually settled (spring and autumn period of eastern zhou) wuxia characters with this surname include: ouyang feng 歐陽鋒 完顏 (wányán) - ? (family name of rulers of Jin dynasty) origins: jurchen surname wuxia characters with this surname include: wanyan honglie 完顏洪烈 公孫 (gōngsūn) - descendant(s) of a duke origins: [1] descendants of legendary ruler shennong (emperor of the five grains) created surname to indicate how ancestors had ranks; [2] other source claims this was original surname of yellow emperor before it was converted to ji 姬. wuxia characters with this surname include: gongsun zhi 公孫止 慕容 (mùróng) - derived from phrase ( 慕二儀之德,繼三光之 容) spoken by ancestor who settled within the borders of ancient china origins: xianbei surname; see aforementioned phrase wuxia characters with this surname include: murong fu 慕容復, murong qiudi 慕容秋荻 耶律 (yēlǜ) - ? (family name of rulers of Liao dynasty) origins: khitan surname wuxia characters with this surname include: yelü hongji 耶律洪基, yelü qi 耶律齊 令狐 (línghú) - ancient place name origins: descendants of king wen of zhou converted rank/title into surname. wuxia characters with this surname include: linghu chong 令狐沖 西門 (ximen) - west gate (there are also surnames dongmen 東門 "east gate" and nanmen 南門 "south gate") origins: family living near the west gate of ancient state (either zheng or qi, vassal states of zhou) adopted it as surname. wuxia characters with this surname include: ximen chuixue 西門吹雪 司空 (sīkōng) - Minister of Works (3rd of the Three Excellencies of the Han dynasty, along with Sima 司馬 and Situ 司徒) origins: descendants of king yu of Xia took his rank/title as surname (he was the minister of works for emperor-sage yao). wuxia characters with this surname include: sikong zhaixing 司空摘星 上官 (shàngguān) - high official origins: rank/title that became a surname. wuxia characters with this surname include: shangguan jinhong 上官金虹 獨孤 (dúgū) - ? origins: xianbei royal surname of Luandi 攣鞮 clan. wuxia characters with this surname include: dugu wudi 獨孤無敵, dugu qiubai 獨孤求敗
|
|
|
Post by galvatron prime on Aug 7, 2015 2:34:00 GMT
Aisin Gioro
愛新覺羅
Aisin Gioro was the family name of the Manchu emperors of the Qing dynasty. The House of Aisin Gioro ruled China from 1644 until the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, which established a republican government in its place. The word aisin means gold in the Manchu language, and "gioro" is the name of the place in present day Yilan, Heilongjiang Province. In Manchu custom, families are identified first by their Hala (哈拉), i.e. their family or clan name, and then by Mukūn (穆昆), the more detailed classification, typically referring to individual families. In the case of Aisin Gioro, Aisin is the Mukūn, and Gioro is the Hala. Other members of the Gioro clan include Irgen Gioro (伊尔根觉罗), Susu Gioro (舒舒觉罗) and Sirin Gioro (西林觉罗).
The Jin dynasty (jin means gold in Chinese) of the Jurchens, ancestors of the Manchus, was known as aisin gurun, and the Qing dynasty was initially named (Amaga aisin gurun1.png) amaga aisin gurun, or Later Jin dynasty. Since the fall of the Empire, a number of members of the family have changed their surnames to Jin (Chinese: 金) since it has the same meaning as "Aisin". For example, Puyi's younger brother changed his name from Aisin-Gioro Puren (愛新覺羅溥任) to Jin Youzhi (金友之) and his children in turn are surnamed Jin.
Family generation names Before the founding of the Qing dynasty, the naming of children in the Aisin Gioro clan was essentially arbitrary and followed no particular rules. The Manchu people originally did not use generation names before they moved into China proper; prior to the Shunzhi era, children of the imperial clan were given only a Manchu-language name, for example Dorgon.
After taking control of China, however, the family gradually incorporated Han Chinese naming conventions.During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, all of Kangxi's sons were to be named with a generation prefix preceding the given name. There were three characters initially used, Cheng (承), Bao (保), and Chang (长), before finally settling on Yin (胤) over a decade into Kangxi's reign. The generation prefix of the Yongzheng Emperor's sons switched from Fu (福) to Hong (弘). Following Yongzheng, the Qianlong Emperor decreed that all subsequent male offspring would have a generation prefix placed in their name according to a Generation Poem, for which the Qianlong Emperor composed the first four characters, yong-mian-yi-zai (永綿奕載). Moreover, direct descendants of the emperor will often share a similar radical or meaning in the final character. A common radical was shared in the second character of the first name of royals who were in line to the throne, however, royals who were not in line to the throne did not necessarily share the radical in their name.[6] In one case, the Yongzheng Emperor changed the generation code of his brothers as a way of keeping his own name unique. Such practices apparently ceased to exist after the Daoguang Era.
Foundation The Aisin Gioro clan, as a Manchu clan, claimed descent from the Jurchen people, who founded the Jin dynasty nearly five centuries earlier under the Wanyan (完顏 Wányán) clan. However, the Aisin Gioro and Wanyan clans are unrelated.
The Aisin Gioro claimed their progenitor Bukūri Yongšon was the result of a virgin birth. According to the legend, three heavenly maidens including one named Fekulen were bathing at a lake near Changbai mountain called Bulhūri omo, when a mapgpie dropped a piece of red fruit near her and she ate it. She then became pregnant with Bukūri Yongšon.
The Aisin Gioro also claimed descent from Mentemu of the Odoli clan, who served as Chieftains of the Jianzhou Jurchens.
Under Nurhaci and his son Hong Taiji, the Aisin Gioro clan of the Jianzhou tribe won hegemony among the rival Jurchen tribes of the northeast, then through warfare and alliances extended its control into Inner Mongolia. Nurhachi created large, permanent civil-military units called “banners” to replace the small hunting groups used in his early campaigns. A banner was composed of smaller companies; it included some 7,500 warriors and their households, including slaves, under the command of a chieftain. Each banner was identified by a coloured flag that was yellow, white, blue, or red, either plain or with a border design. Originally there were four, then eight, Manchu banners; new banners were created as the Manchu conquered new regions, and eventually there were Manchu, Mongol, and Chinese banners, eight for each ethnic group. By 1648 less than one-sixth of the bannermen were actually of Manchu ancestry. The Manchu conquest was thus achieved with a multiethnic army led by Manchu nobles and Han Chinese generals. Han Chinese soldiers were organized into the Army of the Green Standard, which became a sort of imperial constabulary force posted throughout China and on the frontiers.
From Fanca to Ningguta Beise Suffering from tyranny, the people raided Odoli and killed all Bukūri Yongšon's descendants except Fanca. A magpie saved Fanca's life. Fanca's descendant Mengtemu went eastward to execute his ancestors' revenge in Hetu Ala and settled there. Mengtemu's sons were Cungšan and Cuyan. Cungšan's sons were Tolo, Toimo, and Sibeoci Fiyanggū. Sibeoci Fiyanggū's son was Fuman, and Fuman's six sons were called Ningguta Beise (Six Kings; or ningguta i mafa), who lived around Hetu Ala.
Mengtemu is identified as Möngke Temür (猛哥帖木儿), who left Odoli at the invitation of the Ming dynasty and was appointed as leader of the Jianzhou Left Guard. On the other hand, the founder of the Jianzhou Right Guard was Möngke Temür's half-brother Fanca. It is unclear whether he was the same person as Mentemu's ancestor, or if this was just a mistake by the Manchus. The Jianzhou Left Guard fell into chaos in the early 16th century. In addition, Sibeoci Fiyanggū and Fuman seem to have been fictional, because they did not appear in Chinese or Korean records. Maybe they were fabricated by the imperial family to claim its linkage to Möngke Temür.[citation needed]
1 Although Aisin Gioro is usually pronounced "Aixin Jueluo" in Mandarin, some argue that it should be "Aixin Jiaoluo", since the only pronunciation of the character 覺 corresponding to Manchu gio is jiao. Intermarriage and political alliances Marriage with the Aisin Gioro family was used by the Qing emperors to further political alliances. The Qing offered Aisin Gioro princesses to Chinese generals during the Manchu conquest of China to induce them to surrender. Aisin Gioro princesses were also frequently married to Mongol princes.
The Manchus lured Chinese Generals into defecting and joining the Eight Banners by marrying them to women from the Imperial Aisin Gioro family.One Chinese General, Li Yongfang (Li Yung-fang) was bribed by the Manchus into defecting by being married to an Aisin Gioro wife, and being given a position in the banners. Many more Chinese abandoned their posts and joined the Manchus.[8] A mass marriage of Chinese to Manchu women numbering 1,000 took place in 1632 after Prince Yoto came up with the idea. They were either generals or officials.[9] It was said by the Manchu leader that "since the Chinese generals and Manchu women lived together and ate together, it would help these surrendered generals to forget their motherland."Women from the Imperial family were also married to other Chinese who joined the Qing after their conquest of China.[11] Aisin Gioro women were married to the sons of the Han Chinese Generals Sun Sike (Sun Ssu-k'o), Geng Jimao (Keng Chi-mao), Shang Kexi (Shang K'o-hsi), and Wu Sangui (Wu San-kuei).[12] Geng Zhongming, a Han bannerman, was awarded the title of Prince Jingnan, and his son Geng Jingmao managed to have both his sons Geng Jingzhong and Geng Zhaozhong become court attendants under Shunzhi and get married to Aisin Gioro women, with Haoge's (a son of Hong Taiji) daughter marrying Geng Jingzhong and Prince Abatai's granddaughter marrying Geng Zhaozhong.
Genetics Haplogroup C3c has been identified as a possible marker of the Aisin Gioro and is found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, but completely absent from Han Chinese.
Notable Aisin-Gioros Emperors
Nurhaci, Tianming Khan, posthumous Emperor Hung Taiji, Tiancong Khan, Chongde Emperor (wuxia characters in The Sword Stained With Royal Blood) Dorgon, the Chengzong Emperor ( wuxia characters in The Sword Stained With Royal Blood) Fulin, the Shunzhi Emperor
Xuanye, the Kangxi Emperor ( wuxia characters in Duke of Mount Deer) Yinzhen, the Yongzheng Emperor
Hongli, the Qianlong Emperor (Wuxia character in The Legend of the Book and the Sword 1 Yongyan, the Jiaqing Emperor
Minning, the Daoguang Emperor
Yizhu, the Xianfeng Emperor
Zaichun, the Tongzhi Emperor
Zaitian, the Guangxu Emperor
Puyi, the Xuantong Emperor
on-cap princes and their descendants Main article: Qing dynasty nobility
By Qing tradition, the sons of Princes do not automatically inherit their father's title, but rather will inherit a title one level lower. However, there were 12 princes during the Qing dynasty who were named "iron-cap princes" (铁帽子王), meaning that their princely titles will be "passed on forever" through each succeeding generation.
Daišan, 1st Prince Li, second son of Nurhaci, senior most Beile
Shiduo, descendant of Daišan, appointed Premier of China by Empress Dowager Cixi
Jirgalang, 1st Prince Zheng, 6th son of Nurhaci's brother Surhaci (舒爾哈齊), regent during Shunzhi's reign.
Duanhua, 7th-generation descendant and 4th Prince Zheng, regent to Tongzhi Emperor, ousted by Empress Dowager Cixi
Sushun, brother of Duanhua, executed by Empress Dowager Cixi
Jin Shaoxun, last Prince Zheng
Dorgon, 1st Prince Rui, 14th son of Nurhaci, regent, de facto ruler during Shunzhi's reign
Dodo, 1st Prince Yu, 15th son of Nurhaci
Hooge, eldest son of Hong Taiji
Shanqi, 10th Prince Su, prominent during Puyi restoration of 1919
Sose, Prince Chengze, 5th son of Hung Taiji
Boggodo, 1st Prince Zhuang, eldest son of Shuosai, changed the title to Prince Zhuang
Yinlu, 16th son of the Kangxi Emperor, adoption to Boggodo
Yuetuo, 1st Prince of Keqin commandery, Daišan's eldest son
Lokodhui, 1st Prince of Shuncheng commandery, Daišan's grandson
Yinxiang, 13th son of the Kangxi Emperor
Zaiyuan, fifth generation direct male-line descendant of Yinxiang, regent to Tongzhi Emperor, ousted by Empress Dowager Cixi
Yixin, Prince Gong, 6th son of the Daoguang Emperor
Puwei, grandson of Yixin, supported Zhang Xun's restoration
Yixuan, Prince Chun, 7th son of the Daoguang Emperor
Zaifeng, Prince Chun, son of Yixuan, last regent (therefore ruler) of Imperial China during the reign of his son Puyi
Yikuang, Prince Qing, grandson of Qianlong Emperor's 17th son Yonglin
Zaizhen, 2nd Prince Qing, early republican entrepreneur
Prominent political figures
Yinti, Prince Xun, 14th son of the Kangxi Emperor, general in Xinjiang, rumoured successor to the throne
Ajige, Prince Ying, 12th son of Nurhaci
Yinsi, Prince Lian, 8th son of the Kangxi Emperor, expelled from clan
Yinti, Prince Xun, 14th son of the Kangxi Emperor, general in Xinjiang, rumoured successor to the throne
Hongzhou, Prince He, 5th son of the Yongzheng Emperor
Yonghuang, eldest son of the Qianlong Emperor
Miankai, 3rd son of the Jiaqing Emperor
Mianyu, 5th son of the Jiaqing Emperor
Yicong, 5th son of the Daoguang Emperor
Zaixun, 6th son of Yixuan, Minister of the Navy in Yikuang's cabinet
Zaize, Mianyu's grandson, Chinese envoy to the United States and Europe, Minister of Finance in Yikuang's cabinet
Pulun, grandson of Yiwei, the Daoguang Emperor's eldest son, Minister of Industry and Agriculture in Yikuang's cabinet
Zaiyi, prominent anti-foreign leader during the Boxer Rebellion, was on the Boxers' side most of the time
Others Pujie, Zaifeng's 2nd son, later member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Head of the house from 1967 until his death in 1994.
Jin Youzhi (Puren), Zaifeng's 4th son
Pu Xuezhai, guqin player and Chinese painting artist
Aisin Gioro Yuhuan, sanxian player and Chinese painting artist
Puru, painter, professor, and politician in Taiwan
Present-day Jin Guangping (Aisin-Gioro Hengxu), scholar of Jurchen language and Khitan language
Jinliang (金量), fifth generation of Dao Quang, Prince Chun (醇王) of Blood (亲王) 1st rank of prince, great-grandson of Prince Zaitao, and great-grandnephew of Guangxu Emperor, Xuantong (Puyi) emperor is his grand uncle
Jinyong, brother of Jinliang, fifth generation of Dao Quang, 1st rank of prince, great-grandson of Prince {[Zaitao}], and great-grandnephew of Guangxu Emperor, Xuantong (Puyi) Emperor is his grand uncle
Zhao Junzhe, Chinese football player[14]
Jin Youzhi, half-brother of Puyi and current head of the house. He was formerly Prince Puren
King Pu-tsung (born 1956), a cousin of Puyi, former Secretary-General of the Kuomintang
Jin Qizong (Aisin-Gioro Qizong), historian and scholar of Manchu language and Jurchen language
Sayadeth Yuhao, Chairman of the Laos Economic Bureau
Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun, historian and scholar of Manchu language, Jurchen language, and Khitan language
Yuyan (deceased 1997), nephew of Puyi and a claimant as heir
Hengzhen, eldest son of Yuyan
Jin Yuzhang, deputy Governor of Chaoyang District, Beijing (son of Jin Youzhi)
Qigong, ninth generation descendant of the Yongzheng Emperor, eminent Chinese calligraphy artist.
Credit Wikipedia
|
|
|
Post by chefying on Aug 22, 2015 17:31:32 GMT
Reinafu, I thought I should post this old photo I took in 2004 in the Xi'An museum. It showed an example of the scripts used in the six major states in the Central Plains before the First Emperor of Qin (or, to use the old form, Chin Shih Huang Ti) united China by trashing the six states. The word China was derived from his dynasty, Chin - rendered as Qin according the HanYu PinYin. This picture showed how the various states wrote the word "saddle" - top row - and how the First Emperor of Qin preferred in. The characters in blue in brackets was how Mao Tse Tong preferred it, i.e., the simplified Chinese writing. Aren't you pleased that you only need to recognise one set of Chinese characters instead of seven? (Six States plus the First Emperor"s preference).
|
|
|
Post by reinafu on Aug 22, 2015 20:37:55 GMT
Ha, ha !! Thank you very much !! What is the word for saddle ? I recognize the first character " ma " for horse and I recognize the radical for " roof " and the one which is used in "nü" (woman) or "hao" (good), but I don't know how to read it (and as it's almost time to go to bed, I'm too lazy to search in this thread in order to see if the character has already been mentioned, sorry...). I tried to guess the first line on the top : liu guo wen ? ma , so, literally : six countries language ? horse ?? Can you help me with the other words, please ? Also, could you give me the name of the six states from left to right, please ? I guess that the way Qin Shih Huang Di preffered it is the one in gold character, right ?
|
|
|
Post by chefying on Aug 23, 2015 14:34:58 GMT
Ha, ha !! Thank you very much !! You are most welcome. The word for saddle is 马鞍 ma'an. I think the 'an' part was originally written as 安, but subsequently changed to 鞍. The radical for 鞍 is 革 (ge), usually used to represent/refer to something made of leather. Saddles are made of leather, with 安 being the phonetical part of the word. As for 安 (an) itself, you are correct, it is made of the radical for "roof" with the word girl/woman 女 (nv) underneath. This word means peace, as in 平安 ping'an. The word 安 is formed by an association of ideas, in this case, a girl is safe/at peace in her home. Or, to put it in an totally male chauvinistic view, if you want peace, keep a woman in the house to keep her from going out to gossip . With such an audacious interpretation of the word, I am sure you will not forget the meaning of this word in a hurry. Meanwhile, back to the compound word 平安, you may note that 平 actually looks like a scale. It is actually exactly that. Like the scale, if it is even, it is fair, and with fairness, there would not be quarrels. So this word means even (as in flat), fair and impartial. The city of Xi'An 西安, translates to West Peace, or Peace in the Western Regions, shares the same 安. It was the capital of some 16 dynasties. Its former name was 长安, which translates to Long (Everlasting) Peace. In Xi'An lies the Terra Cotta Army. Hope this helps. 六国 liu guo (six countries/states) 文字 wen zi (characters/writing) 与 yu (with) 秦 Qin (State of Qin) 篆 zhuan (script/seal font) 比较 bi li (comparative) 举例 ju li (sample table/chart) Loosely translated, it means Comparative chart of a Sample of the Script of the Six States with the Script of the State of Qin. 齐 qi, 楚 chu, 燕 yan, 韩 han, 赵 zhao, 魏 wei. It may interest you that 魏 wei was the State of Cao Cao in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Also, the names of the above six states, and 秦 qin, are all Chinese surnames. I think siuyiu did state some Chinese surnames were derived from the names of the states. This would be an excellent example. Sort of, yes. The character written in gold is Qin (the State of), underneath that gold word was the script that Qin Shi Huang Di preferred. Have the title Qin Shi Huang Di been explained to you? In case it has not, this is what it means. 秦 Qin (State of Qin) 始 shi (beginning/first) 皇 huang (king) 帝 di (deity) So our good friend called himself the First Divine Emperor of the State of Qin. The point to note is that he was the first to declare and equate himself with god - as in a God King. I do not know if he borrowed this idea from the Egyptians. Hope you found this interesting.
|
|