Post by galvatron prime on May 4, 2017 11:55:19 GMT
The Manchu Dynasty
(Ta Ch'ing Ch'ao )
BRIEF HISTORY
The Ch'ing dynasty is of Manchurian nomadic origin. They rose to prominence in their home province during the late sixteenth century. Nurhachi, Prince of the Jurgen clan, conquered Manchuria and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Mongol hordes in 1606. He established a new state in 1616 and called it T'a Ch'ing Kuo (the Empire of Great Purity) and his dynasty the Chin. Inheriting a remarkably successful military machine, his sons were able to extend his empire deep into Chinese territory. The T'ai Tsung Emperor changed the name of the dynasty in 1636 to Ta Ch'ing Ch'ao (the Great Pure Dynasty) instead of Chin, a phrase having negative connotations in Chinese. After a lengthy power struggle, exacerbated by a weakened Ming dynasty, his grandson entered Peking and mounted the Imperial throne in 1643. The Shih-tsu Emperor was merely five years old. His successor, the Shêng Tsu Emperor enjoyed a long and remarkable reign of sixty years. After some notable early successes in extending dominion over Tibet, Mongolia and Taiwan, Shih-tsu's successors ruled over a stagnant and decaying empire for the next two centuries. By the middle of the nineteenth century, it had become prey to internal factions, prone to sporadic rebellions increasingly subjected to humiliations by foreign powers. Significant military defeats in 1860, 1895 and 1900 resulted in the cession of territories to Russia, Japan, Britain, France and Germany. Each of whom also enjoyed significant extra-territorial rights and commercial privileges within the rest of China. During most of this period the Empire was dominated by the Grand Empress Dowager Tzu Hsi.
A former concubine of the Emperor Hsien-fêng, Tzu Hsi rose to prominence through intrigue and sheer guile. Reactionary, vindictive, malicious, she presided over a period of decline opposing every reform, every attempt at progress and development. Although a far reaching reform programme was planned and implementation begun after her long overdue death in 1908, these came too late and too slowly to forestall catastrophe. A pro-republican uprising in 1911, after a period of bitter civil war, prompted the regent to abdicate temporal authority on behalf of the child Emperor Hsüan-t'ung. The Articles of Favourable Treatment of 1912 and other documents which constituted the act of transferring power to the republic, guaranteed the continuation of ranks and titles in perpetuity, to the Emperor himself, to his family, members of the Imperial clan, and to servants of the Imperial household. In all respects, the Emperor was to be accorded honours and privileges by the republican authorities, in the same manner as a foreign sovereign.
The first official President of the Republic, Marshal Yuan Shi Kai, acceptedthe Imperial throne on 11th December 1916, after instigating a corrupt campaign of memorials and petitions in his favour. He set about planning an enthronement ceremony and created fifty titles of nobility, including a princedom of the first rank, for his Vice-President Li Yuan-hung. His plans proved generally unpopular and were postponed several times, before his death in June 1917.
The republican regimes which followed were weak, ineffectual, and ridden by factionalism and corruption. Governments rose and fell in rapid succession. Presidents and Prime Ministers came and went out of office with surprising speed. Warlords ruled in the provinces, seized great cities and occaisionally took the capital. The capital itself being transferred from city to city, depending on which general happened to hold power at any given time. One coup d'état followed another. After yet another coup d'état, the dictatorship headed by General Huang Fu, abrogated the Articles of Favourable Treatment and expelled the Emperor from the Forbidden City on the 5th of November 1924. An act never actually confirmed by any legal or constitutional process, then or since.
In the meantime, Japan intervened increasingly in the north and east, seizing Manchuria, parts of Inner Mongolia, and eventually significant areas of China proper. At their behest, the former Emperor was restored in 1934 under the reign name of K'ang Teh. He became Emperor of Manchuria (Manchutikuo), or incorrectly but popularly known as Manchukuo, the ancient homeland of his house which had taken no part in the revolutionary upheaval of 1911. He fell into Russian Communist hands at the close of the Second World War, was turned over to the Chinese Communists in 1949, and spent the next ten years in prisons and re-education centres. Freed in 1959, he returned to Peking, became a gardener and later a member of the National People's Congress. Better known by his personal name of P'u-yi, the former Emperor lived out his days in the rambling old mansion of his father, the former Regent. The official report says that he died from cancer in 1967, but according to unofficial rumour, from the effects of wounds received during severe torture and mutilation, at the hands of "cultural revolutionaries".
RULES OF SUCCESSION:
The Emperor could name his successor, from amongst his surviving sons. Two edicts were drafted (secret after 1723), both done in the Emperor's own hand, one of them being sealed and placed above the throne. In case of a childless Emperor, he could appoint a prince from a collateral branch of the dynasty, provided he was from the next immediate generation. Princes, so appointed need not necessarily be the next in line of descent or by order of primogeniture. In most cases, the Emperor adopted the appointed heir before his death. If he had failed to do so before dying, his widow or mother could adopt in his stead. Despite these Confucian rules, there have been several instances in Chinese history where brothers have succeeded brothers, or cousins succeeded cousins. Ultimately, might has usually decided right.
After the restoration of the dynasty in the ancestral provinces of Manchuria, new rules of succession were passed under The Law Governing Succession to the Imperial Throne, March 1, 1937. Article 1 limited the succession to male descendants. Article 5 allowed for the absence of sons or descendants and stipulated that brothers of the reigning Emperor, borne of the same mother, and their male-line descendants succeeded according to age. They took precedence over brothers of the half blood, even if younger than the latter. Brothers of the half-blood and their descendants succeeded next. Article 6 stipulated that in the absence of brothers and their descendants, the uncles of th reigning Emperor and of the full blood succeeded. According to these regulations, Emperor K'ang Teh's full-brother, Prince Pu-chieh, become the Heir Apparent.
Since the death of Prince Pu-chieh without male issue in 1994, the rightful successor has been more difficult to establish. His surviving young brother of the half-blood would have succeeded according to the 1937 Law, the most recently accepted, officially approved and published house rules.
However, matters are complicated by claims that the late Emperor adopted a distant cousin, Prince Yü-yan [Yan-jui], while both were prisoners of the Russians in Siberia. Although this procedure seems to be in accordance with earlier precedent and Confucian custom, no official papers have come to light, which verify the adoption. Nevertheless, several individuals continue to testify in its favour. The Emperor's own autobiography does mention a conversation with the prince, in which he proposed to adopt him. However, the tone and language used in the relevant passages suggest that the motivation behind holding out such a prospect, may also have been to induce personal servitude in an environment devoid of servants and household staff.
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www.royalark.net/China/china.htm
MANCHURIA
The Manchu Dynasty
(Ta Ch'ing Ch'ao )
GENEALOGY
Mönggke Temür [Tu-tu-mêng-t'ê-mu], Prince Ze [Yüan Huang Ti Chao Tsu]. He was k. with his son, 30th November 1433, having had issue, two sons:
1) Cuyan [A-ku] [Ch'üan-tou]. He was k. with his father, 30th November 1433 (s.p.).
2) Cunshan [Tung-shan] [T'ung-ts'ang]. b. ca. 1419. He d. 1467, having had issue, three sons:
a) Tolo [T'ouo-louo]. He d.s.p.
b) Toimo [T'ouo-i-mo]. He d.s.p.
c) Sibeoci Fiyanggu [Si-pao-ts'i-p'ien-kou]. He had issue, a son:
i) Tu-tu-fuman [Fuman], Prince Qing [Chih Huang Ti Hsing Tsu]. He had issue, six sons:
(1) Desiku [Té-che-k'ou]. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
(2) Liocan [Lieou-tch'an].
(3) Soocangga [Tch'ou-yen]. He d.s.p.
(4) Giocangga [Chüeh-ch'ang-an], Prince Chang [Ching Tsu I Huang Ti], Prince of the Jurgen Tribe. He was k. by Emperor Wan-li, of the Ming dynasty, 1583, having had issue, five sons:
(a) Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Lidun [Li-toen] [Ou-kong].
(b) Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Erguwen [Angun] [Hoei-tché].
(c) Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Jaikan [Tchai-k'an] [Hsüan Hsien].
(d) Taksi [T'a-k'o-shih], Prince Fu [Hsüan Huang Ti Hsien Tsu] - see below.
(e) Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) T'a-tch'a-p'ien-kou [K'o-kong].
(5) Boolangga [Pao-lang-ngo].
(6) Boosi [Pao-che].
Copyright© Christopher Buyers
Taksi [T'a-k'o-shih], Prince Fu [Hsüan Huang Ti Hsien Tsu], fourth son of Giocangga [Chüeh-ch'ang-an], Prince Chang [Ching Tsu I Huang Ti], Prince of the Jurgen Tribe. m. (a) Sitala-chi (d. 1568), raised to the posthumous title of Empress as Hsüan Hoang Hou 21st October 1648, a daughter or grand-daughter of Prince Wang Kao, of the Sitala clan of the Jurjen tribe. m. (b) Li-kia-chi Fei, daughter of Kou-lou-li. m. (c) Hota Fei [Nara-chi], from the family of King Wanhan, of Hota. He was k. by officers of Emperor Wan-Li, after the fall of Atai, March 1583 (bur. Yung-ling Mausoleum, near Xingjing), having had issue, five sons and four daughters:
1) Nurhaci Khan, who became Geren gurun be ujire genggiyen Han T'ien-ming [T'ai-tzu Kao Ter Ki Huang Ti], Kundulun Han Ta Ching Kuo, Emperor of Manchuria (s/o Sitala) - see below.
2) Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) Murhaci Ts'ing Batara [Yong-Chuang], Tch'eng-yi. b. 1561 (s/o Sitala), educ. privately. Granted the posthumous rank of To Lo Pei Lê 1653. He d. 21st September 1620, having had issue, eleven sons:
a) Prince (Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung) Darca [Kang-yi]. He d. 1635.
d) General Prince (Ku Shan Pei Tzu) Udahai [Siang-min]. b. 1601. He d. 21st June 1655.
e) General Prince (Yuan Fêng Fêng Ên Chên Kuo Kung) Handai.
f) Prince (Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung) T'a-hai. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
g) Prince (Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung) Hou-che-t'a.
h) Prince (Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung) La-che-t'a [K'o-hsi].
3) General H.H. Prince Surhachi Dar-khan Baturu, 1st Prince Chuang (Ho Shê Chuang Ch'in Wang). b. 1564 (s/o Empress Hsuan Hoang Hou). Granted the rank of Tu-chih-hui of the Chien-chou district, and prom. to Darhan Baturu by his brother, 1607. Raised to the posthumous title of Chuang Ho Shê Ch'in Wang. m. (second) a lady of the Fuka clan. He was k. on the orders of Emperor T'ien Ming, 25th September 1611. He had issue, at least eight sons and four daughters:
a) Prince Altungga.
b) Lieutenant-General Prince (Yuan Fêng To Lo Pei Lê) Amin. b. 1585 (s/o the Fuca lady). Granted the title of To Lo Pei Lê in 1616. Lt-Gen. Bordered Blue Banner Corps 1616-1630, Grand Councillor 1626-1629, cdr. of an exped. to Korea 1627, Regent of Mongolia during the Emperor's invasion of China 1629-1630. Tried for cowardice, June 1630. He d. in prison, 28th December 1640, having had issue:
i) A daughter. m. ca. 1630, Setele, a Mongolian prince.
c) Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) Turan [K'o-hsi]. He had issue:
i) Prince Tunci. b. 1614. He d. 1663.
i) Princess … Adopted by Emperor T'ai-tzu and raised to the rank of Ho Shê Kung Chu. m. 1626, Oboo Noyan, Tüshiyetü Khan of the Korchin Mongols.
d) Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) Jasahatu [Houo-hoei]. He had issue, a son:
i) Prince Loto. b. 1616. He d. 1665.
e) Prince …, who had issue:Copyright© Christopher Buyers
i) General Prince (Ku Shan Pei Tzu) Fulata. b. 1622, educ. privately. Appointed as Ning-hai chiang-chun. He d. 1676, having had issue, at least five sons:
(5) Prince (Ku Shan Pei Tzu) Fu-tsun. b. 1665, educ. privately. Granted the title of Fêng Ên Chên Kuo Kung, and succeded to his father's title in 1691. He d. 1700, having had issue, at least ten sons, including:
(b) Prince (Fêng Ên Chên Kuo Kung) Te-pu. b. 1683, educ. privately. He d. 1729.
(h) H.I.H. Prince Joseph Te-pei (Yi), 8th Prince (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) Chien (succ. 11/11/1748). b. 1688, educ. privately. Baptised into the Roman Catholic Church with the name of Joseph 1718. Granted the rank of Chên Kuo Chiang Chün in 1735. Senior Vice-Presdt. Brd. of War 1735-1736, C-in-C Chihli 1736-1737, Governor of Kansu 1737, Fukien and Chekiang 1739-1742, Governor-General of Hupeh and Hunan 1737-1739, and of Kiangsu, Anhwei and Kiangsi 1742-1743, Vice-Presdt. Brd. of the Civil Office and Libationer of the Imperial Acad. 1743-1748, Presdt. Brd. of the Civil Office 1748-1752. He d.s.p.m. 15th August 1752.
f) Field Marshal H.H. Prince Jirgalang [Hsien], 1st Prince Cheng (Cheng Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1599, educ. privately. Granted the title of To Lo Pei Lê 1625, prom. to Ho Shê Ch'in Wang Cheng with the right of perpetual inheritance 1636. Lt-Gen. Bordered Blue Banner Corps1630, Presdt. Brd. of Punishments 1631, Grand Councillor 1643-1651, Joint Regent 1643-1647, Generalissimo 1647. m. a daughter of Ligdan Khutuktu Khan, Khan of the Chahar Mongols. He d. 11th June 1655, having had issue, including:
i) Prince Jidu (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1633. He d. 1660, having had issue, a son:
(1) Prince Labu (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1654. Posthumously degraded 1682. He d. 1681.
ii) Prince …, who had issue:
(1) Prince …, who had issue:
(a) H.H. Prince Citungga, Prince (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) Chien. He d. 1763, having had issue: Copyright© Christopher Buyers
(i) Prince …, who had issue:
1. H.H. Prince Jihana, 11th Prince (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) Cheng. b. 1758, educ. privately. Ordered by Emperor Kao-tsung to restore the designation of the princedom back to Cheng. He d. 1784, having had issue:
a. H.I.H. Prince Ulgungga, 12th Prince (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) Cheng (succ. 1794). b. ca. 1777, educ. privately. He d. 1846, having had issue, at least six sons:
iii. H.I.H. Prince Tuan-hua, 13th Prince (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) Cheng (succ. 1846). b. 18xx, educ. He d. 1861, having had issue:
1a. A daughter. m. H.E. Wen-chieh, Prince Chung-chi, Presdt. of the Brds. of Revenue and Civil Appointments, by whom she had issue, at least one daughter.
iv. En-hua. Presdt. Colonial Court 1853-1854. He d. 1854.
vi. H.E. (Fu Kuo Chiang Chün) Su-shun. b. 1815, educ. Granted the rank of a noble of Imperial lineage in the tenth rank 1836, Junior Assist. Chamberlain Imperial Bodyguard 1836, Dir. Imperial Gardens and Huting Parks 1849-1850, Sub-Chancellor of the Grand Secretariat 1850-1854, Snr. Vice-Presdt. Brds. of Works 1854, Ceremonies 1854-1855, and Revenue 1855-1857, Presdt. Censorate 1857, of the Colonial Court 1857-1858, and of Brd. of Ceremonies 1858-1861, Adj-Gen. 1859-1861, Min. of the Imperial Household 1860-1861, Assoc. Grand Sec. 1861. He was k. at Peking, 8th November 1861.
iii) Field Marshal H.H. Prince Jidu [Ch'un], 2nd Prince (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) Chien. b. 1633, educ. privately. Succeeded his father as 2nd Prince Cheng, but had his designation changed to Chien. Field Marshal (Ting-yuan Ta-chiang-chün) C-in-C of an exped. 1652 He d. 6th August 1660, having had issue, at least two sons and two daughters:
(2) Labu. b. 1654, educ. privately. Succeeded his father as 3rd Prince (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) Chien 1670, but was posthumously stripped of all his titles, 1682. Appointed as Field Marshal (Yang-wei Ta-chiang-chün) 1674, Cdt. Nanking 1674-1675, C-in-C Kiangsi 1675-1681. He d. at Peking, 1681, had issue.
(2) Princess Tuan-min (Ho Shê Tuan-min Kung Chu). Adopted by Emperor Shih-tsu. m. General H.H. Bandi, Prince Darkhan (Ho Shê Darkhan Ch'in Wang), of the Khorchin Mongols, grandson of General H.H. Manjusiri, Prince Darkhan (Ho Shê Darkhan Ch'in Wang), Grand Taiji of the Korchin Mongols.
g) Prince Fenku [Tsing-ting], 1st Prince Kien (Kien Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1605. He d. January 1644.
h) Prince Tolun. He had issue, a daughter:
i) Princess Junje Gega. m. 1626, Prince Oba Taiji, Tüshiyetü Khan.
a) A daughter. m. Bujantai of Ula.
b) Another daughter. m. Bujantai of Ula. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
d) Princess (Chün Chu Kung Chu). m. 1617, Engkeder Taiji, of the Bayod tribe of Khalkha..
4) Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Yarhachi [T'ong-ta]. b. 15xx (s/o Empress Hsuan Hoang Hieu), educ. privately. Granted the posthumous rank of To Lo Chün Wang 1653. He d. 16xx.
5) Prince Bayara Tcho-li-k'o-t'ou [Kang-kouo], Prince Tou-yi (Tou-yi To Lo Pei Lê). b. 1582 (s/o Hota Fei), educ. privately. Granted the posthumous rank of To Lo Pei Lê 1653. He d. 3rd April 1624, having had issue:
a) Baiyintu. Deprived of his rank as an Imperial clansman 1652.
b) Gunggadai. Degraded and expelled from the Imperial clan with all his family. He was k. on the downfall of Dorgan, 1652, leaving issue, ancestor of:
-> General H.E. Yi-li-pu [Wen-min]. b. 1730, educ. privately. Archivist Imperial Acad. 1805, 2nd class Sub-Prefect Yunanfu 1812, Magistrate Teng-yueh Dept., Prefect of Tai Ping-fu 1821-1822, Intendant Ch-Ning circuit 1822-1823, Judge at Chekiang 1823-1824, Financial Cmsnr. Chekiang 1824-1825, Governor of Shensi 1825-1826, of Shantung 1826-1827, Yunan 1827-1835, Governor-General of Yunan and Kweichow 1835-1840, of Kiangsu, Kiangsi and Anhwei 1840-1841, Imperial Cmsnr. 1840-1841, Assoc. Grand Chamberlain 1838-1841, Assist. Lieut-Gov. of Cha-pu 1842, Tartar Gen. of Canton and Imperial Cmsnr. 1842-1843. Rcvd: the one-eyed Peacock feather (1819), the double-eyed Peacock feather (1838), and the posthumous rank of a Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He d. at Canton, 5th March 1843.
1) A daughter. m. General H.E. Eidu Baturu, Prince of Hongti (b. 1564; d. 1621), General of the left wing. She had issue.
2) A daughter. m. Hurgan.
3) A daughter. m. Cingiha.
4) A daughter. m. Puhaha.
www.royalark.net/China/manchu1.htm
1616 - 1626 H.M. Geren gurun be ujire genggiyen Han T'ien-ming [Tai-tzu Kao Ter Ki Huang Ti] [Ch'êng t'ien kuang yün shêng tê shên kung chao chi li jên hsiao jui wu tuan I ch'in an hung wên ting yeh kao], Kundulun Han Ta Ching Kuo, Emperor of Manchuria. b. 1559, as Nurhaci, eldest son of Taksai, educ. privately. Appointed by the Ming Emperor as Tu-tu ch'ien-shih (Brigadier-General) 1589, prom. to General of the Dragon and Tiger 1595. United all the Jurched tribes and declared the foundation of a new state called Chin. Granted the title of Kundulun Han (Respected Emperor) by the Mongol hordes, 1606. Proclaimed as Geren gurun be ujire genggiyen Han (Brilliant Emperor who benefits all nations) of T'a Ch'ing Kuo (the Empire of Great Purity) and assumed the reign name of T'ien-ming, 17th February 1616. m. sixteen wives, including (first) Hahana Jacing [Fujin] (b. 1590; d. September 1626), ganted the title of Yuan Fei, daughter of Tabon Bayan of the Tunggiya tribe. m. (second) as her second husband (div. 1620) Gundai (k. by her son on the command of Emperor T'ien Ming, February 1620), granted the titles of Ji Fei and Ta Fu Chin, daughter of Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) Mangsai Dujugu of the Fuca clan of Mongols. m. (third) October 1588, Empress Hsiao Tz'u Kao [Monggo] (b. 1575; d. 31st October 1603), granted the title of Monggo Ko Ko, and received the posthumous rank of Empress with the title of Hsiao Chi Tao Hsien Jing Shun Ren Hui Yi De Ching Hsien Cheng Tian Fu Sheng Gao Huang Hou 16th May 1636, youngest daughter of Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) Yangginu, of the Nara clan of the Yehe tribe of Mongols. m. (fourth) November 1601, Abahai (b. 1590; d. 1st October 1626), granted the title of Ta Fujin 1620, prom. to the posthumous rank of Empress with the title of Hsiao Lieh Wu Huang Hou 1650, but demoted shortly afterwards, daughter of Mantai, Prince of the Ula Nara tribe of the Hulun nation, daughterter of Man T'ai, and grand-daughter of Wang T'ai, Khan of the Hada. m. (a) Tchao-kia-chi Fei, daughter of Lakotai. m. (b) Niuhulu Fei, daughter of Pouo-k'o-tchan. m. (c) Yi-eul-ken Fei [Kio-louo-chi], daughter of Prince Tcha-ts'in-pa-yen. m. (d) Kia-mou-hou Fei [Kio-louo-chi], daughter of Prince Hoen-pa-yen. m. (e) Si-lin Fei [Kio-lou-chi], daughter of Fen-tou-li-ho-se-hou. m. (f) 1614, Shuo-k'ang Tai Fei, daughter of Khongghor Noyan, of the Korchin Mongols. m. (g) 1612, daughter of Mingghan Noyan, of the Ürüd tribe of the Korchin Mongols. m. (h) a daughter of Bing Tu. He had sixteen wives, of whom one was Empress, four were Fei, five were Shu Fei and four were Ze Fei. He d. at Aigipu, near Shenyang, after being seriously wounded at the Battle of Ningyuan, 30th September 1626 (bur. Fu-ling Mausoleum, Shenyang), having had issue, fifteen (or sixteen) sons: Copyright© Christopher Buyers
1) General Prince (T'ai Chi) Cuyen [Ch'ou-ying Koang-lio Pei Lê] Arhatu Tumen Hong Baturu. b. 1580 (s/o Hahana), educ. privately. Granted the Mongol titles of T'ai Chi, and Hong Baturu (later translated as To Lo Pei Lê) 1598, prom. to Arhatu Tumen (resourceful strategist) 1607. Arrested and imprisoned on a charge of treason, 1613. He was k. in prison, 23rd September 1615, having had issue:
a) H.H. Prince Dudu, Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) An-pi'ing. b. 1597. Granted the rank of To Lo Pei Lê together with the designation of An-pi'ing, 1636. He d. 1642, having had issue, several sons, including:
i) H.H. Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) Durhu. b. 1615. He d. 1655.
ii) H.H. Prince (Fêng Ên Chên Kuo Kung) … He d. 1648, having had issue, a son:
(1) Lieutenant-General H.H. Prince (Fêng Ên Chên Kuo Kung) Sunu. b. before 1648. Snr. Dir. Imperial Clan Court 1673-1683 and 1685-1708, Lieut-Gen. Manchu Bordered Red Banner 1679-1723, Governor of Fengtien 1699-1708. Raised to the rank of To Lo Pei Lê 1722. Banished to Shansi 1724. He d. at Yu-wei, Shansi, 3rd January 1725, having had issue, thirteen sons (nine of whom became Christians), including: Copyright© Christopher Buyers
(c) Jean Surgiyen. b. ca. 1667. Received into the Roman Cathlic Church and baptised under the name of Jean, 1721. He d. 1727.
(f) Louis Lesiheng. b. 1677. Banished to Sining1723-1725. Received into the Roman Cathlic Church and baptised under the name of Louis, 1723. He d. in confinement, at Peking, after 10th September 1727.
(l) Joseph Urcen. b. 1693. Banished to Sining1723-1725. Received into the Roman Cathlic Church and baptised under the name of Joseph, 1723. He d. in confinement, at Peking, after 10th September 1727.
c) H.H. Prince Nikan [Choang], 1st Prince Ch'ing-chin (Ch'ing-chin Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1609. Granted the rank of Ku Shan Pei Tzu 1636, prom. to To Lo Pei Lê 1644, raised to the title of To Lo Chün Wang Ch'ing-chin October 1648, and to Ho Shê Ch'in Wang Ch'ing-chin 1649. He was twice degraded and twice reinstated. Presdt. Brd. of Ceremonies, Head of the Imperial Clan with the title of Ting-yuan Ta Jiang-chun 18th August 1652. m. a daughter of Prince Turgei. He was k-i-a at Heng-chou, 23rd December 1652 (bur. Peking), having had issue:
i) H.H. Prince Lambu'dan, 2nd Prince (Fêng Ên Chên Kuo Kung) Ch'ing-chin. Succeeded his father in the rank of To Lo Chün Wang but was demoted to the rank of Fêng Ên Chên Kuo Kung 1669. m. a grand-daughter of Prince Oboi, sometime Regent. He d. 1678, having had issue.
ii) Prince Nissa (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. ca. 1631. He d. 1660.
2) Lieutenant-General H.H. Prince Daishan [Lié] Guyen Baturu, 1st Prince Li (To Lo Li Chün Wang). b. 19th August 1583 (s/o Tunggiya), educ. privately Granted the title of Guyen Baturu (exploring hero), prom. to Ho Shê Pei Lê 1616, and finally to To Lo Li Chün Wang 1636. Lt-Gen. Red Banner Corps 1622, Grand Councillor 1626-1629. m. (first) 1614, a daughter of Jonon, Noyan of the Jarudin Mongols. m. (second) a daughter of Prince (Ho Shê Pei Lê) Bujai, of the Yehe clan. He d. 25th November 1648, having had issue, eight sons:
a) General H.H. Prince Yoto [Angotuko], 1st Prince K'o-chi'in (K'o-chi'in To Lo Chün Wang). b. 1597. Granted the rank of To Lo Pei Lê 1626. Cdr. Shen-yang garrison 1630, Minister for War 1631-1633, cdr. of the right wing of the army 1638. Promoted to the title of To Lo Chün Wang Ch'eng 1636, but degraded four months later to To Lo Pei Lê for his part in hiding the traitor Manggultai. Further demoted to Ku Shan Pei Tzu for another offence in 1637. Posthumously raised to the title of To Lo Chün Wang K'o-chi'in. He was k-i-a. at Jiang-tzu-ling, March 1639 (bur. Mukden), having had issue: Copyright© Christopher Buyers
i) Princess …m. 1628, Manjhushiri, a Korchin Mongol.
b) H.H. Prince (Yuan Fêng To Lo Pei Lê) Soto [Chituo]. Expelled from the Imperial Family. Restored posthumously. He was k. 28th September 1643.
c) H.H. Prince Sahaliyen [Yi], 1st Prince Ying (Ying Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1603 (s/o the second wife), educ. privately. Granted the rank of To Lo Pei Lê 1626 and posthumously raised to the title of Ying To Lo Chün Wang, 1671. He d. 11th June 1636, having had issue:
i) H.H. Prince Adali, 2nd Prince Ying (Ying To Lo Chün Wang). He was k. 1643 for attempting to dethrone Emperor Fu-lin.
ii) General H.H. Prince Lekedehun [Kung-hui], 1st Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Shun-ch'eng. b. 1619. Granted the title of Ku Shan Pei Tzu 1644, prom. to the title of To Lo Chün Wang Shun-ch'eng 1648. General-in-chief (P'ing-nan Ta Jiang-chun) of Kiangnan 1645, MSC 1650, Supervisor Brd. of Punishments 1651. He d. 19th April 1652, having had issue, at least four sons:
(3) H.H. Prince Norobu, Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Shun-ch'eng (succ. 1715). b. 1650. He d. 1717, having had issue, at least four sons:
(d) H.H. Prince Hsi-pao, 8th Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Shun-ch'eng. Distinguished himself in the war against the Eleuths. He d. 1742.
(4) H.H. Prince Lergiyen, 2nd Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Shun-ch'eng. He d. after 1717.
d) H.H. Prince Wakoda, 1st Prince Ch'ien (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1606 (s/o the second wife), educ. privately. He d. 9th September 1652. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
e) Prince Balama.
f) Prince (Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung) Matchan. b. 1612. He was k. on campaign, December 1638.
g) H.H. Prince Mandahai, 2nd Prince Hsun (Hsun Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1621, educ. privately. Granted the ranks of Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung 1641, and Ku Shan Pei Tzu 1644. Succeeded his father as 2nd Prince Li 1648, but altered the designation to Hsun in 1651. Presdt. Brd. of Civil Office 1651-1652. He d. 15th March 1652, having had issue:
i) H.H. Prince Changgdai [Tao-min], 3rd Prince Hsun (Hsun Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1633. Succeeded his father in the rank of To Lo Chün Wang, but was demoted to the rank of To Lo Pei Lê 1659. He d. May 1665.
h) Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Hutse [Hoei-choen]. He d. 1646, having had issue, two sons:
i) General Prince Giyesu, 1st Prince K'ang (K'ang Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1645. Succeeded his 'uncle' as Prince K'ang. He d. 30th April 1697, having had issue, six sons, including:
(5) Prince Ch'un T'ai [Ch'un Chen] [Tao], 2nd Prince K'ang (K'ang Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) (succ. 1697). b. 1673. He d. June 1709, having had issue:
(a) Prince Ch'ung An, 3rd Prince K'ang (succ. 1709). b. 1705. A writer and painter in the classical style. He d. 1733, having had issue:
(i) Prince Yung En, Prince Li. b. 1727. Poet, essayist and dramatist. m. a daughter of a Manchu Grand Secretary. He d. 1805/1807, having had issue: Copyright© Christopher Buyers
1. Prince Chao Lien, Prince Li. b. 1780. Raised to the rank of prince 1802. Imprisoned 1816. He d. after, 1825, having had issue (?):
a. Lin Chih. He had issue:
i. A son, who had issue:
1a. Ch'uan Ling. He d. 1850, having had issue:
1b. Shih To [Shiduo], Prince Li. Grand Councillor 1884-1901. He d. 1914.
2b. Shih-chi, Prince Li. He had issue:
1c. A daughter. m. Prince Wangdud Namjil (To Lo Wangdud Namjil Chün Wang) (d. 1871), Chief of the Kharachin Confederation of Mongols, elder son of Bürinjiryal, of the Bayarin clan.
(6) Prince Bartu, 4th Prince K'ang (succ. 1733). b. 1674. He d. 1753.
ii) Jinggi. b. 1644. He d. July 1649.
a) A daughter. Adopted by Emperor T'ai-tsung and raised to the rank of Ho Shê Kung Chu. m. 1628, General H.H. Manjusiri, Prince Darkhan (Ho Shê Darkhan Ch'in Wang), Grand Taiji of the Korchin Mongols, son of Ebügedei.
i) a ninth daughter. m. Lieutenat-General H.E. Hosuto (b. 1594; d. 1633), Lt-Gen. Red Banner Corps, fourth son of Hohori, 1st Prince Yung-ch'in.
j) A tenth daughter. m. Garma Sodnam, of the Abagha clan of Mongols, sometime Senior Secretary.
www.royalark.net/China/manchu2.htm
continued on the next click on the link .
(Ta Ch'ing Ch'ao )
BRIEF HISTORY
The Ch'ing dynasty is of Manchurian nomadic origin. They rose to prominence in their home province during the late sixteenth century. Nurhachi, Prince of the Jurgen clan, conquered Manchuria and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Mongol hordes in 1606. He established a new state in 1616 and called it T'a Ch'ing Kuo (the Empire of Great Purity) and his dynasty the Chin. Inheriting a remarkably successful military machine, his sons were able to extend his empire deep into Chinese territory. The T'ai Tsung Emperor changed the name of the dynasty in 1636 to Ta Ch'ing Ch'ao (the Great Pure Dynasty) instead of Chin, a phrase having negative connotations in Chinese. After a lengthy power struggle, exacerbated by a weakened Ming dynasty, his grandson entered Peking and mounted the Imperial throne in 1643. The Shih-tsu Emperor was merely five years old. His successor, the Shêng Tsu Emperor enjoyed a long and remarkable reign of sixty years. After some notable early successes in extending dominion over Tibet, Mongolia and Taiwan, Shih-tsu's successors ruled over a stagnant and decaying empire for the next two centuries. By the middle of the nineteenth century, it had become prey to internal factions, prone to sporadic rebellions increasingly subjected to humiliations by foreign powers. Significant military defeats in 1860, 1895 and 1900 resulted in the cession of territories to Russia, Japan, Britain, France and Germany. Each of whom also enjoyed significant extra-territorial rights and commercial privileges within the rest of China. During most of this period the Empire was dominated by the Grand Empress Dowager Tzu Hsi.
A former concubine of the Emperor Hsien-fêng, Tzu Hsi rose to prominence through intrigue and sheer guile. Reactionary, vindictive, malicious, she presided over a period of decline opposing every reform, every attempt at progress and development. Although a far reaching reform programme was planned and implementation begun after her long overdue death in 1908, these came too late and too slowly to forestall catastrophe. A pro-republican uprising in 1911, after a period of bitter civil war, prompted the regent to abdicate temporal authority on behalf of the child Emperor Hsüan-t'ung. The Articles of Favourable Treatment of 1912 and other documents which constituted the act of transferring power to the republic, guaranteed the continuation of ranks and titles in perpetuity, to the Emperor himself, to his family, members of the Imperial clan, and to servants of the Imperial household. In all respects, the Emperor was to be accorded honours and privileges by the republican authorities, in the same manner as a foreign sovereign.
The first official President of the Republic, Marshal Yuan Shi Kai, acceptedthe Imperial throne on 11th December 1916, after instigating a corrupt campaign of memorials and petitions in his favour. He set about planning an enthronement ceremony and created fifty titles of nobility, including a princedom of the first rank, for his Vice-President Li Yuan-hung. His plans proved generally unpopular and were postponed several times, before his death in June 1917.
The republican regimes which followed were weak, ineffectual, and ridden by factionalism and corruption. Governments rose and fell in rapid succession. Presidents and Prime Ministers came and went out of office with surprising speed. Warlords ruled in the provinces, seized great cities and occaisionally took the capital. The capital itself being transferred from city to city, depending on which general happened to hold power at any given time. One coup d'état followed another. After yet another coup d'état, the dictatorship headed by General Huang Fu, abrogated the Articles of Favourable Treatment and expelled the Emperor from the Forbidden City on the 5th of November 1924. An act never actually confirmed by any legal or constitutional process, then or since.
In the meantime, Japan intervened increasingly in the north and east, seizing Manchuria, parts of Inner Mongolia, and eventually significant areas of China proper. At their behest, the former Emperor was restored in 1934 under the reign name of K'ang Teh. He became Emperor of Manchuria (Manchutikuo), or incorrectly but popularly known as Manchukuo, the ancient homeland of his house which had taken no part in the revolutionary upheaval of 1911. He fell into Russian Communist hands at the close of the Second World War, was turned over to the Chinese Communists in 1949, and spent the next ten years in prisons and re-education centres. Freed in 1959, he returned to Peking, became a gardener and later a member of the National People's Congress. Better known by his personal name of P'u-yi, the former Emperor lived out his days in the rambling old mansion of his father, the former Regent. The official report says that he died from cancer in 1967, but according to unofficial rumour, from the effects of wounds received during severe torture and mutilation, at the hands of "cultural revolutionaries".
RULES OF SUCCESSION:
The Emperor could name his successor, from amongst his surviving sons. Two edicts were drafted (secret after 1723), both done in the Emperor's own hand, one of them being sealed and placed above the throne. In case of a childless Emperor, he could appoint a prince from a collateral branch of the dynasty, provided he was from the next immediate generation. Princes, so appointed need not necessarily be the next in line of descent or by order of primogeniture. In most cases, the Emperor adopted the appointed heir before his death. If he had failed to do so before dying, his widow or mother could adopt in his stead. Despite these Confucian rules, there have been several instances in Chinese history where brothers have succeeded brothers, or cousins succeeded cousins. Ultimately, might has usually decided right.
After the restoration of the dynasty in the ancestral provinces of Manchuria, new rules of succession were passed under The Law Governing Succession to the Imperial Throne, March 1, 1937. Article 1 limited the succession to male descendants. Article 5 allowed for the absence of sons or descendants and stipulated that brothers of the reigning Emperor, borne of the same mother, and their male-line descendants succeeded according to age. They took precedence over brothers of the half blood, even if younger than the latter. Brothers of the half-blood and their descendants succeeded next. Article 6 stipulated that in the absence of brothers and their descendants, the uncles of th reigning Emperor and of the full blood succeeded. According to these regulations, Emperor K'ang Teh's full-brother, Prince Pu-chieh, become the Heir Apparent.
Since the death of Prince Pu-chieh without male issue in 1994, the rightful successor has been more difficult to establish. His surviving young brother of the half-blood would have succeeded according to the 1937 Law, the most recently accepted, officially approved and published house rules.
However, matters are complicated by claims that the late Emperor adopted a distant cousin, Prince Yü-yan [Yan-jui], while both were prisoners of the Russians in Siberia. Although this procedure seems to be in accordance with earlier precedent and Confucian custom, no official papers have come to light, which verify the adoption. Nevertheless, several individuals continue to testify in its favour. The Emperor's own autobiography does mention a conversation with the prince, in which he proposed to adopt him. However, the tone and language used in the relevant passages suggest that the motivation behind holding out such a prospect, may also have been to induce personal servitude in an environment devoid of servants and household staff.
.
www.royalark.net/China/china.htm
MANCHURIA
The Manchu Dynasty
(Ta Ch'ing Ch'ao )
GENEALOGY
Mönggke Temür [Tu-tu-mêng-t'ê-mu], Prince Ze [Yüan Huang Ti Chao Tsu]. He was k. with his son, 30th November 1433, having had issue, two sons:
1) Cuyan [A-ku] [Ch'üan-tou]. He was k. with his father, 30th November 1433 (s.p.).
2) Cunshan [Tung-shan] [T'ung-ts'ang]. b. ca. 1419. He d. 1467, having had issue, three sons:
a) Tolo [T'ouo-louo]. He d.s.p.
b) Toimo [T'ouo-i-mo]. He d.s.p.
c) Sibeoci Fiyanggu [Si-pao-ts'i-p'ien-kou]. He had issue, a son:
i) Tu-tu-fuman [Fuman], Prince Qing [Chih Huang Ti Hsing Tsu]. He had issue, six sons:
(1) Desiku [Té-che-k'ou]. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
(2) Liocan [Lieou-tch'an].
(3) Soocangga [Tch'ou-yen]. He d.s.p.
(4) Giocangga [Chüeh-ch'ang-an], Prince Chang [Ching Tsu I Huang Ti], Prince of the Jurgen Tribe. He was k. by Emperor Wan-li, of the Ming dynasty, 1583, having had issue, five sons:
(a) Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Lidun [Li-toen] [Ou-kong].
(b) Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Erguwen [Angun] [Hoei-tché].
(c) Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Jaikan [Tchai-k'an] [Hsüan Hsien].
(d) Taksi [T'a-k'o-shih], Prince Fu [Hsüan Huang Ti Hsien Tsu] - see below.
(e) Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) T'a-tch'a-p'ien-kou [K'o-kong].
(5) Boolangga [Pao-lang-ngo].
(6) Boosi [Pao-che].
Copyright© Christopher Buyers
Taksi [T'a-k'o-shih], Prince Fu [Hsüan Huang Ti Hsien Tsu], fourth son of Giocangga [Chüeh-ch'ang-an], Prince Chang [Ching Tsu I Huang Ti], Prince of the Jurgen Tribe. m. (a) Sitala-chi (d. 1568), raised to the posthumous title of Empress as Hsüan Hoang Hou 21st October 1648, a daughter or grand-daughter of Prince Wang Kao, of the Sitala clan of the Jurjen tribe. m. (b) Li-kia-chi Fei, daughter of Kou-lou-li. m. (c) Hota Fei [Nara-chi], from the family of King Wanhan, of Hota. He was k. by officers of Emperor Wan-Li, after the fall of Atai, March 1583 (bur. Yung-ling Mausoleum, near Xingjing), having had issue, five sons and four daughters:
1) Nurhaci Khan, who became Geren gurun be ujire genggiyen Han T'ien-ming [T'ai-tzu Kao Ter Ki Huang Ti], Kundulun Han Ta Ching Kuo, Emperor of Manchuria (s/o Sitala) - see below.
2) Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) Murhaci Ts'ing Batara [Yong-Chuang], Tch'eng-yi. b. 1561 (s/o Sitala), educ. privately. Granted the posthumous rank of To Lo Pei Lê 1653. He d. 21st September 1620, having had issue, eleven sons:
a) Prince (Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung) Darca [Kang-yi]. He d. 1635.
d) General Prince (Ku Shan Pei Tzu) Udahai [Siang-min]. b. 1601. He d. 21st June 1655.
e) General Prince (Yuan Fêng Fêng Ên Chên Kuo Kung) Handai.
f) Prince (Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung) T'a-hai. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
g) Prince (Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung) Hou-che-t'a.
h) Prince (Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung) La-che-t'a [K'o-hsi].
3) General H.H. Prince Surhachi Dar-khan Baturu, 1st Prince Chuang (Ho Shê Chuang Ch'in Wang). b. 1564 (s/o Empress Hsuan Hoang Hou). Granted the rank of Tu-chih-hui of the Chien-chou district, and prom. to Darhan Baturu by his brother, 1607. Raised to the posthumous title of Chuang Ho Shê Ch'in Wang. m. (second) a lady of the Fuka clan. He was k. on the orders of Emperor T'ien Ming, 25th September 1611. He had issue, at least eight sons and four daughters:
a) Prince Altungga.
b) Lieutenant-General Prince (Yuan Fêng To Lo Pei Lê) Amin. b. 1585 (s/o the Fuca lady). Granted the title of To Lo Pei Lê in 1616. Lt-Gen. Bordered Blue Banner Corps 1616-1630, Grand Councillor 1626-1629, cdr. of an exped. to Korea 1627, Regent of Mongolia during the Emperor's invasion of China 1629-1630. Tried for cowardice, June 1630. He d. in prison, 28th December 1640, having had issue:
i) A daughter. m. ca. 1630, Setele, a Mongolian prince.
c) Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) Turan [K'o-hsi]. He had issue:
i) Prince Tunci. b. 1614. He d. 1663.
i) Princess … Adopted by Emperor T'ai-tzu and raised to the rank of Ho Shê Kung Chu. m. 1626, Oboo Noyan, Tüshiyetü Khan of the Korchin Mongols.
d) Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) Jasahatu [Houo-hoei]. He had issue, a son:
i) Prince Loto. b. 1616. He d. 1665.
e) Prince …, who had issue:Copyright© Christopher Buyers
i) General Prince (Ku Shan Pei Tzu) Fulata. b. 1622, educ. privately. Appointed as Ning-hai chiang-chun. He d. 1676, having had issue, at least five sons:
(5) Prince (Ku Shan Pei Tzu) Fu-tsun. b. 1665, educ. privately. Granted the title of Fêng Ên Chên Kuo Kung, and succeded to his father's title in 1691. He d. 1700, having had issue, at least ten sons, including:
(b) Prince (Fêng Ên Chên Kuo Kung) Te-pu. b. 1683, educ. privately. He d. 1729.
(h) H.I.H. Prince Joseph Te-pei (Yi), 8th Prince (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) Chien (succ. 11/11/1748). b. 1688, educ. privately. Baptised into the Roman Catholic Church with the name of Joseph 1718. Granted the rank of Chên Kuo Chiang Chün in 1735. Senior Vice-Presdt. Brd. of War 1735-1736, C-in-C Chihli 1736-1737, Governor of Kansu 1737, Fukien and Chekiang 1739-1742, Governor-General of Hupeh and Hunan 1737-1739, and of Kiangsu, Anhwei and Kiangsi 1742-1743, Vice-Presdt. Brd. of the Civil Office and Libationer of the Imperial Acad. 1743-1748, Presdt. Brd. of the Civil Office 1748-1752. He d.s.p.m. 15th August 1752.
f) Field Marshal H.H. Prince Jirgalang [Hsien], 1st Prince Cheng (Cheng Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1599, educ. privately. Granted the title of To Lo Pei Lê 1625, prom. to Ho Shê Ch'in Wang Cheng with the right of perpetual inheritance 1636. Lt-Gen. Bordered Blue Banner Corps1630, Presdt. Brd. of Punishments 1631, Grand Councillor 1643-1651, Joint Regent 1643-1647, Generalissimo 1647. m. a daughter of Ligdan Khutuktu Khan, Khan of the Chahar Mongols. He d. 11th June 1655, having had issue, including:
i) Prince Jidu (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1633. He d. 1660, having had issue, a son:
(1) Prince Labu (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1654. Posthumously degraded 1682. He d. 1681.
ii) Prince …, who had issue:
(1) Prince …, who had issue:
(a) H.H. Prince Citungga, Prince (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) Chien. He d. 1763, having had issue: Copyright© Christopher Buyers
(i) Prince …, who had issue:
1. H.H. Prince Jihana, 11th Prince (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) Cheng. b. 1758, educ. privately. Ordered by Emperor Kao-tsung to restore the designation of the princedom back to Cheng. He d. 1784, having had issue:
a. H.I.H. Prince Ulgungga, 12th Prince (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) Cheng (succ. 1794). b. ca. 1777, educ. privately. He d. 1846, having had issue, at least six sons:
iii. H.I.H. Prince Tuan-hua, 13th Prince (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) Cheng (succ. 1846). b. 18xx, educ. He d. 1861, having had issue:
1a. A daughter. m. H.E. Wen-chieh, Prince Chung-chi, Presdt. of the Brds. of Revenue and Civil Appointments, by whom she had issue, at least one daughter.
iv. En-hua. Presdt. Colonial Court 1853-1854. He d. 1854.
vi. H.E. (Fu Kuo Chiang Chün) Su-shun. b. 1815, educ. Granted the rank of a noble of Imperial lineage in the tenth rank 1836, Junior Assist. Chamberlain Imperial Bodyguard 1836, Dir. Imperial Gardens and Huting Parks 1849-1850, Sub-Chancellor of the Grand Secretariat 1850-1854, Snr. Vice-Presdt. Brds. of Works 1854, Ceremonies 1854-1855, and Revenue 1855-1857, Presdt. Censorate 1857, of the Colonial Court 1857-1858, and of Brd. of Ceremonies 1858-1861, Adj-Gen. 1859-1861, Min. of the Imperial Household 1860-1861, Assoc. Grand Sec. 1861. He was k. at Peking, 8th November 1861.
iii) Field Marshal H.H. Prince Jidu [Ch'un], 2nd Prince (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) Chien. b. 1633, educ. privately. Succeeded his father as 2nd Prince Cheng, but had his designation changed to Chien. Field Marshal (Ting-yuan Ta-chiang-chün) C-in-C of an exped. 1652 He d. 6th August 1660, having had issue, at least two sons and two daughters:
(2) Labu. b. 1654, educ. privately. Succeeded his father as 3rd Prince (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) Chien 1670, but was posthumously stripped of all his titles, 1682. Appointed as Field Marshal (Yang-wei Ta-chiang-chün) 1674, Cdt. Nanking 1674-1675, C-in-C Kiangsi 1675-1681. He d. at Peking, 1681, had issue.
(2) Princess Tuan-min (Ho Shê Tuan-min Kung Chu). Adopted by Emperor Shih-tsu. m. General H.H. Bandi, Prince Darkhan (Ho Shê Darkhan Ch'in Wang), of the Khorchin Mongols, grandson of General H.H. Manjusiri, Prince Darkhan (Ho Shê Darkhan Ch'in Wang), Grand Taiji of the Korchin Mongols.
g) Prince Fenku [Tsing-ting], 1st Prince Kien (Kien Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1605. He d. January 1644.
h) Prince Tolun. He had issue, a daughter:
i) Princess Junje Gega. m. 1626, Prince Oba Taiji, Tüshiyetü Khan.
a) A daughter. m. Bujantai of Ula.
b) Another daughter. m. Bujantai of Ula. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
d) Princess (Chün Chu Kung Chu). m. 1617, Engkeder Taiji, of the Bayod tribe of Khalkha..
4) Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Yarhachi [T'ong-ta]. b. 15xx (s/o Empress Hsuan Hoang Hieu), educ. privately. Granted the posthumous rank of To Lo Chün Wang 1653. He d. 16xx.
5) Prince Bayara Tcho-li-k'o-t'ou [Kang-kouo], Prince Tou-yi (Tou-yi To Lo Pei Lê). b. 1582 (s/o Hota Fei), educ. privately. Granted the posthumous rank of To Lo Pei Lê 1653. He d. 3rd April 1624, having had issue:
a) Baiyintu. Deprived of his rank as an Imperial clansman 1652.
b) Gunggadai. Degraded and expelled from the Imperial clan with all his family. He was k. on the downfall of Dorgan, 1652, leaving issue, ancestor of:
-> General H.E. Yi-li-pu [Wen-min]. b. 1730, educ. privately. Archivist Imperial Acad. 1805, 2nd class Sub-Prefect Yunanfu 1812, Magistrate Teng-yueh Dept., Prefect of Tai Ping-fu 1821-1822, Intendant Ch-Ning circuit 1822-1823, Judge at Chekiang 1823-1824, Financial Cmsnr. Chekiang 1824-1825, Governor of Shensi 1825-1826, of Shantung 1826-1827, Yunan 1827-1835, Governor-General of Yunan and Kweichow 1835-1840, of Kiangsu, Kiangsi and Anhwei 1840-1841, Imperial Cmsnr. 1840-1841, Assoc. Grand Chamberlain 1838-1841, Assist. Lieut-Gov. of Cha-pu 1842, Tartar Gen. of Canton and Imperial Cmsnr. 1842-1843. Rcvd: the one-eyed Peacock feather (1819), the double-eyed Peacock feather (1838), and the posthumous rank of a Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He d. at Canton, 5th March 1843.
1) A daughter. m. General H.E. Eidu Baturu, Prince of Hongti (b. 1564; d. 1621), General of the left wing. She had issue.
2) A daughter. m. Hurgan.
3) A daughter. m. Cingiha.
4) A daughter. m. Puhaha.
www.royalark.net/China/manchu1.htm
1616 - 1626 H.M. Geren gurun be ujire genggiyen Han T'ien-ming [Tai-tzu Kao Ter Ki Huang Ti] [Ch'êng t'ien kuang yün shêng tê shên kung chao chi li jên hsiao jui wu tuan I ch'in an hung wên ting yeh kao], Kundulun Han Ta Ching Kuo, Emperor of Manchuria. b. 1559, as Nurhaci, eldest son of Taksai, educ. privately. Appointed by the Ming Emperor as Tu-tu ch'ien-shih (Brigadier-General) 1589, prom. to General of the Dragon and Tiger 1595. United all the Jurched tribes and declared the foundation of a new state called Chin. Granted the title of Kundulun Han (Respected Emperor) by the Mongol hordes, 1606. Proclaimed as Geren gurun be ujire genggiyen Han (Brilliant Emperor who benefits all nations) of T'a Ch'ing Kuo (the Empire of Great Purity) and assumed the reign name of T'ien-ming, 17th February 1616. m. sixteen wives, including (first) Hahana Jacing [Fujin] (b. 1590; d. September 1626), ganted the title of Yuan Fei, daughter of Tabon Bayan of the Tunggiya tribe. m. (second) as her second husband (div. 1620) Gundai (k. by her son on the command of Emperor T'ien Ming, February 1620), granted the titles of Ji Fei and Ta Fu Chin, daughter of Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) Mangsai Dujugu of the Fuca clan of Mongols. m. (third) October 1588, Empress Hsiao Tz'u Kao [Monggo] (b. 1575; d. 31st October 1603), granted the title of Monggo Ko Ko, and received the posthumous rank of Empress with the title of Hsiao Chi Tao Hsien Jing Shun Ren Hui Yi De Ching Hsien Cheng Tian Fu Sheng Gao Huang Hou 16th May 1636, youngest daughter of Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) Yangginu, of the Nara clan of the Yehe tribe of Mongols. m. (fourth) November 1601, Abahai (b. 1590; d. 1st October 1626), granted the title of Ta Fujin 1620, prom. to the posthumous rank of Empress with the title of Hsiao Lieh Wu Huang Hou 1650, but demoted shortly afterwards, daughter of Mantai, Prince of the Ula Nara tribe of the Hulun nation, daughterter of Man T'ai, and grand-daughter of Wang T'ai, Khan of the Hada. m. (a) Tchao-kia-chi Fei, daughter of Lakotai. m. (b) Niuhulu Fei, daughter of Pouo-k'o-tchan. m. (c) Yi-eul-ken Fei [Kio-louo-chi], daughter of Prince Tcha-ts'in-pa-yen. m. (d) Kia-mou-hou Fei [Kio-louo-chi], daughter of Prince Hoen-pa-yen. m. (e) Si-lin Fei [Kio-lou-chi], daughter of Fen-tou-li-ho-se-hou. m. (f) 1614, Shuo-k'ang Tai Fei, daughter of Khongghor Noyan, of the Korchin Mongols. m. (g) 1612, daughter of Mingghan Noyan, of the Ürüd tribe of the Korchin Mongols. m. (h) a daughter of Bing Tu. He had sixteen wives, of whom one was Empress, four were Fei, five were Shu Fei and four were Ze Fei. He d. at Aigipu, near Shenyang, after being seriously wounded at the Battle of Ningyuan, 30th September 1626 (bur. Fu-ling Mausoleum, Shenyang), having had issue, fifteen (or sixteen) sons: Copyright© Christopher Buyers
1) General Prince (T'ai Chi) Cuyen [Ch'ou-ying Koang-lio Pei Lê] Arhatu Tumen Hong Baturu. b. 1580 (s/o Hahana), educ. privately. Granted the Mongol titles of T'ai Chi, and Hong Baturu (later translated as To Lo Pei Lê) 1598, prom. to Arhatu Tumen (resourceful strategist) 1607. Arrested and imprisoned on a charge of treason, 1613. He was k. in prison, 23rd September 1615, having had issue:
a) H.H. Prince Dudu, Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) An-pi'ing. b. 1597. Granted the rank of To Lo Pei Lê together with the designation of An-pi'ing, 1636. He d. 1642, having had issue, several sons, including:
i) H.H. Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) Durhu. b. 1615. He d. 1655.
ii) H.H. Prince (Fêng Ên Chên Kuo Kung) … He d. 1648, having had issue, a son:
(1) Lieutenant-General H.H. Prince (Fêng Ên Chên Kuo Kung) Sunu. b. before 1648. Snr. Dir. Imperial Clan Court 1673-1683 and 1685-1708, Lieut-Gen. Manchu Bordered Red Banner 1679-1723, Governor of Fengtien 1699-1708. Raised to the rank of To Lo Pei Lê 1722. Banished to Shansi 1724. He d. at Yu-wei, Shansi, 3rd January 1725, having had issue, thirteen sons (nine of whom became Christians), including: Copyright© Christopher Buyers
(c) Jean Surgiyen. b. ca. 1667. Received into the Roman Cathlic Church and baptised under the name of Jean, 1721. He d. 1727.
(f) Louis Lesiheng. b. 1677. Banished to Sining1723-1725. Received into the Roman Cathlic Church and baptised under the name of Louis, 1723. He d. in confinement, at Peking, after 10th September 1727.
(l) Joseph Urcen. b. 1693. Banished to Sining1723-1725. Received into the Roman Cathlic Church and baptised under the name of Joseph, 1723. He d. in confinement, at Peking, after 10th September 1727.
c) H.H. Prince Nikan [Choang], 1st Prince Ch'ing-chin (Ch'ing-chin Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1609. Granted the rank of Ku Shan Pei Tzu 1636, prom. to To Lo Pei Lê 1644, raised to the title of To Lo Chün Wang Ch'ing-chin October 1648, and to Ho Shê Ch'in Wang Ch'ing-chin 1649. He was twice degraded and twice reinstated. Presdt. Brd. of Ceremonies, Head of the Imperial Clan with the title of Ting-yuan Ta Jiang-chun 18th August 1652. m. a daughter of Prince Turgei. He was k-i-a at Heng-chou, 23rd December 1652 (bur. Peking), having had issue:
i) H.H. Prince Lambu'dan, 2nd Prince (Fêng Ên Chên Kuo Kung) Ch'ing-chin. Succeeded his father in the rank of To Lo Chün Wang but was demoted to the rank of Fêng Ên Chên Kuo Kung 1669. m. a grand-daughter of Prince Oboi, sometime Regent. He d. 1678, having had issue.
ii) Prince Nissa (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. ca. 1631. He d. 1660.
2) Lieutenant-General H.H. Prince Daishan [Lié] Guyen Baturu, 1st Prince Li (To Lo Li Chün Wang). b. 19th August 1583 (s/o Tunggiya), educ. privately Granted the title of Guyen Baturu (exploring hero), prom. to Ho Shê Pei Lê 1616, and finally to To Lo Li Chün Wang 1636. Lt-Gen. Red Banner Corps 1622, Grand Councillor 1626-1629. m. (first) 1614, a daughter of Jonon, Noyan of the Jarudin Mongols. m. (second) a daughter of Prince (Ho Shê Pei Lê) Bujai, of the Yehe clan. He d. 25th November 1648, having had issue, eight sons:
a) General H.H. Prince Yoto [Angotuko], 1st Prince K'o-chi'in (K'o-chi'in To Lo Chün Wang). b. 1597. Granted the rank of To Lo Pei Lê 1626. Cdr. Shen-yang garrison 1630, Minister for War 1631-1633, cdr. of the right wing of the army 1638. Promoted to the title of To Lo Chün Wang Ch'eng 1636, but degraded four months later to To Lo Pei Lê for his part in hiding the traitor Manggultai. Further demoted to Ku Shan Pei Tzu for another offence in 1637. Posthumously raised to the title of To Lo Chün Wang K'o-chi'in. He was k-i-a. at Jiang-tzu-ling, March 1639 (bur. Mukden), having had issue: Copyright© Christopher Buyers
i) Princess …m. 1628, Manjhushiri, a Korchin Mongol.
b) H.H. Prince (Yuan Fêng To Lo Pei Lê) Soto [Chituo]. Expelled from the Imperial Family. Restored posthumously. He was k. 28th September 1643.
c) H.H. Prince Sahaliyen [Yi], 1st Prince Ying (Ying Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1603 (s/o the second wife), educ. privately. Granted the rank of To Lo Pei Lê 1626 and posthumously raised to the title of Ying To Lo Chün Wang, 1671. He d. 11th June 1636, having had issue:
i) H.H. Prince Adali, 2nd Prince Ying (Ying To Lo Chün Wang). He was k. 1643 for attempting to dethrone Emperor Fu-lin.
ii) General H.H. Prince Lekedehun [Kung-hui], 1st Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Shun-ch'eng. b. 1619. Granted the title of Ku Shan Pei Tzu 1644, prom. to the title of To Lo Chün Wang Shun-ch'eng 1648. General-in-chief (P'ing-nan Ta Jiang-chun) of Kiangnan 1645, MSC 1650, Supervisor Brd. of Punishments 1651. He d. 19th April 1652, having had issue, at least four sons:
(3) H.H. Prince Norobu, Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Shun-ch'eng (succ. 1715). b. 1650. He d. 1717, having had issue, at least four sons:
(d) H.H. Prince Hsi-pao, 8th Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Shun-ch'eng. Distinguished himself in the war against the Eleuths. He d. 1742.
(4) H.H. Prince Lergiyen, 2nd Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Shun-ch'eng. He d. after 1717.
d) H.H. Prince Wakoda, 1st Prince Ch'ien (Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1606 (s/o the second wife), educ. privately. He d. 9th September 1652. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
e) Prince Balama.
f) Prince (Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung) Matchan. b. 1612. He was k. on campaign, December 1638.
g) H.H. Prince Mandahai, 2nd Prince Hsun (Hsun Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1621, educ. privately. Granted the ranks of Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung 1641, and Ku Shan Pei Tzu 1644. Succeeded his father as 2nd Prince Li 1648, but altered the designation to Hsun in 1651. Presdt. Brd. of Civil Office 1651-1652. He d. 15th March 1652, having had issue:
i) H.H. Prince Changgdai [Tao-min], 3rd Prince Hsun (Hsun Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1633. Succeeded his father in the rank of To Lo Chün Wang, but was demoted to the rank of To Lo Pei Lê 1659. He d. May 1665.
h) Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Hutse [Hoei-choen]. He d. 1646, having had issue, two sons:
i) General Prince Giyesu, 1st Prince K'ang (K'ang Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 1645. Succeeded his 'uncle' as Prince K'ang. He d. 30th April 1697, having had issue, six sons, including:
(5) Prince Ch'un T'ai [Ch'un Chen] [Tao], 2nd Prince K'ang (K'ang Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) (succ. 1697). b. 1673. He d. June 1709, having had issue:
(a) Prince Ch'ung An, 3rd Prince K'ang (succ. 1709). b. 1705. A writer and painter in the classical style. He d. 1733, having had issue:
(i) Prince Yung En, Prince Li. b. 1727. Poet, essayist and dramatist. m. a daughter of a Manchu Grand Secretary. He d. 1805/1807, having had issue: Copyright© Christopher Buyers
1. Prince Chao Lien, Prince Li. b. 1780. Raised to the rank of prince 1802. Imprisoned 1816. He d. after, 1825, having had issue (?):
a. Lin Chih. He had issue:
i. A son, who had issue:
1a. Ch'uan Ling. He d. 1850, having had issue:
1b. Shih To [Shiduo], Prince Li. Grand Councillor 1884-1901. He d. 1914.
2b. Shih-chi, Prince Li. He had issue:
1c. A daughter. m. Prince Wangdud Namjil (To Lo Wangdud Namjil Chün Wang) (d. 1871), Chief of the Kharachin Confederation of Mongols, elder son of Bürinjiryal, of the Bayarin clan.
(6) Prince Bartu, 4th Prince K'ang (succ. 1733). b. 1674. He d. 1753.
ii) Jinggi. b. 1644. He d. July 1649.
a) A daughter. Adopted by Emperor T'ai-tsung and raised to the rank of Ho Shê Kung Chu. m. 1628, General H.H. Manjusiri, Prince Darkhan (Ho Shê Darkhan Ch'in Wang), Grand Taiji of the Korchin Mongols, son of Ebügedei.
i) a ninth daughter. m. Lieutenat-General H.E. Hosuto (b. 1594; d. 1633), Lt-Gen. Red Banner Corps, fourth son of Hohori, 1st Prince Yung-ch'in.
j) A tenth daughter. m. Garma Sodnam, of the Abagha clan of Mongols, sometime Senior Secretary.
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